Masters Of Sex, By William Masters And Johnson - 1625 Words

Masters and Johnson William Masters and Virginia Johnson took human sexuality to a new level that some people of their time were not ready for. They did Studies of masturbation, sex with partners that were known to each other and some that were considered strangers. With the findings it suggested that Masters and Johnson discovered what arousal is, the stages it goes through, and what it takes to get there. Masters and Johnson not only heterosexual but homosexuals too. They wanted to know if there was a difference in the out comes. With the new Showtime series called â€Å"Masters of Sex† it really portrays the work that Dr. Masters and his colleague Ms. Johnson believed in, how they fought for the study and what they went through to give us all the insight on human sexuality. William Masters was the first to study human sexuality in a laboratory, and his findings caused a lot of criticism. In his junior year in medical school, Masters became very interested in sexuality. He found it was the lest unexplored study. Masters became interested in the work of Dr. Alfred Kinsey, who had interviewed thousands of men and women about their sexual experiences. Masters became an intern and a resident as an OBGYN at St. Louis Hospital. By 1954 Masters wanted to start research on human sexuality. He had concerns that the medical profession did not have enough information on sexuality to understand clients problems. Masters took the study to the next level, which was to study humanShow MoreRelatedThe Physiological Phenomena During Sex923 Words   |  4 PagesThis paper will explore the physiological phenomena during sex and if it holds to be proven about all creatures. Sigmund Freud invented Psychoanalysis, which is the theory and therapy of treating people who s uffer from nervous disorders by researching the unconscious mind that makes us repress or push our urges and desires. From Psychoanalysis, stems Psychosexual development, which believe that from birth humans experience sxual energy going through five stages in their life. This theory could haveRead MoreAlfred Kinsey and William Masters and Virginia Johnson: Were They Ethical? 1613 Words   |  7 Pageshowever, when researchers ignore the scientific method and rules of ethics. The experiments of Alfred Kinsey and the scientific team of William Masters and Virginia Johnson have been criticized for their methods of research and sense of ethics. Both scientific teams researched human sexuality, a topic in which is perpetually scrutinized. Kinsey and Masters and Johnson were not always ethical in their studies, and did not always follow the scientific method. Alfred Kinsey is best known for his researchRead MoreThe Importance Of The Female Egg For Reproduction1557 Words   |  7 Pagesanimals. To 1653 William Harvey discovering the importance of the female egg for reproduction. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek in 1678 used the microscope to identify sperm as a seed. Elizabeth Osgood Goodrich Willard came up with the term sexology and opened to the research to understand sex in a whole new level. In this paper we will learn about a couple different sexologist and how they did the research on sex. Keywords: Havelock Ellis, Kurt Freund, Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Masters Johnson â€Æ' 1897 HavelockRead MoreSexual Activity And Sexual Behavior1422 Words   |  6 PagesA Sexual Motivation 1. At the height of the sexual revolution in the 1960s, William Masters and Virginia Johnson set out to study the physiology behind human sexual responses by examining an estimated 10,000 sexual responses (1966). Initially, there was a concern that no one would participate, so 11 prostitutes were employed for the first two years. This time was crucial because it allowed Masters and Johnson to improve upon their research and methods. Knowing there was a bias in their sample, theyRead MoreSexual Dysfunction is the loss or impairment of the ordinary physical responses of sexual function.1000 Words   |  4 Pagesbecomes frequent is when there is a problem. Desire disorder is lack of sexual desire or interest in sex. There are plenty causes of desire disorder, some being pregnancy, age, depression and negative sexual experience. 20 percent of people have desire disorder, but it is more common in women. Testosterone is the hormone that causes sexual desire for both women and men, it is necessary for a healthy sex drive. Boosting your testosterone level can be an effective treatment. Arousal Disorder is the inabilityRead More Masturbation: There is Nothing Wrong With A Little Self -Love1196 Words   |  5 Pagesstimulating the penis or clitoris with a hand, fingers or â€Å"sex toys† (Knowles, 2002). Masturbation is way of discovering ones sexual â€Å"potential† and is done for various reasons. Some people may masturbate to relieve sexual tension, to help them fall asleep, or as a safe sex alternative just to name a few. It begins as early as infancy and can continue into adulthood with varying frequency, with or with out a partner but is not considered a substitute for sex, merely a variation. Masturbation â€Å"does not causeRead MoreThe Reality of the Vaginal Orgasm1226 Words   |  5 Pageswhy do men have nipples? Before biological sex is discerned in the womb, directions for producing nipples have already been activated (Simons, 2003). Because of this, males simply have nipples as embryological consequence to females needing them. This trait is consistently selected for in females, and so it consequently persists in males. This is extremely similar to the case for orgasms in women, as Symons finds in his 1979 research. Biological sex is physically indiscernible in the early stagesRead MoreBlack Women As Sexual Objects1662 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Gabrielle Union Shows Off Taut Tummy and Glowing Skin with Husband Dwayne Wade.† (US Weekly) â€Å"President Barack Obama Loves Michelle s Curves.† (TooFab) â€Å"Happy Birthday, Serena Williams! See Pictures of the Tennis Pro s Best Booty Moments.† (Amos) All articles depict mainstream media celebrating the success of these woman but somehow their bodies come into the picture. Most often the Black woman is wrongfully represented and sexualized in the media. This view of black women as sexual objectsRead MoreEssay about Frederick Douglass Influence on the Anti-Slavery Movement3542 Words   |  15 PagesHolmes Hill Farm, near the town of Easton, Maryland. Harriet Baily was Fredericks mother. She worked the cornfields surrounding Holme s Hill. As a boy, he knew little of his father except that the man was white. As a child, he had heard rumors that the master, Aaron Anthony was his father. Fredericks mother was required to work long hours in the fields, so he lived with his grandmother, Betsey Baily. Betsy Baily lived in a cabin a short distance from Holmes Hill Farm. Her job was to look after HarrietsRead MoreOphelia in William Shakespeares Hamlet Essay1488 Words   |  6 PagesOphelia in William Shakespeares Hamlet Shakespeares Hamlet is a tale of mortal revenge, lost souls, love and infidelity, and murder in the royal family. Hamlet, his father having recently died, is mourning the marriage of his mother to his uncle. When his fathers ghost appears to him and tells him he must avenge the former kings spirit so that it may pass on to Heaven, he decides to put on an antic disposition so that no one will know what he is thinking. As time goes by, he cannot move

The Scientific Method Free Essays

The Scientific Method is a complex, yet simple process. It was designed to help scientist and every day people who face problems come up with a logical and tested solution. According to authors Pruitt and Underwood (2006), The Scientific Method is defined as â€Å"the set of procedures that form the rational approach to studying the natural world. We will write a custom essay sample on The Scientific Method or any similar topic only for you Order Now † This method can be applied to something dealing with science or something that deals with everyday life. In the below paragraphs, this writer will explain the scientific method and how it was used to achieve results in a web-based experiment as well as a real life situation. This writer would begin the web-based experiment by researching and discover why plants grow towards the light. Once the results of the search are gathered, this writer would produce a hypothesis. The possible hypothesis is; plants grow toward the light because it is a critical part of the process known as Photosynthesis. This writer’s prediction is that if a plant is placed to grow near a window, the plant will lean toward the light. For the experiment, this writer would put three plants on a table with a window to the left of them and three plants on a table with a window to the right of them. Over the course of three weeks, this writer will observe and document the plants reaction to the light coming through the window. After careful review of the information documented, this writer can safely conclude that the plants with the window to the right of them, grew bent toward the light and the plants with the window to the left of them grew bent toward the light. This information does support my hypothesis that plants grow toward the light to help with the Photosynthesis process. There were many problems that this writer could have tested, but decided to test the most important one of all. This writer’s daughter is at the stage in her life where she is taking off her pamper, but refuses to become potty trained. What is causing this? Not unlike other parents and scientists, this question came from a problem that needed a solution. Through personal experimentation as well as information compiled through secondary sources, this writer came up with effective ways to potty train their daughter properly. While observing the child, this writer noted that whenever the child needed to use the bathroom, she would cross her legs. After the child would receive some type of drink, approximately 20 minutes, she would again start to cross her legs. It became very apparent that the child was very ready to become potty trained. Through these observations, this writer produced her hypothesis. If this writer puts the child on the pot 20 minutes after she ingests any type of drink, the child will gradually become potty trained. This writer tried this method of potty training for two days. During those days, the child did successfully use the pot at the times this writer put her on it, but the child still had accidents on herself. With this information, this writer concluded that their methods were unsuccessful. This writer researched potty training techniques to construct a new hypothesis. According to the Mayo Clinic website (1998-2011), â€Å"when you notice signs that your child may need to use the toilet- such as squirming, squatting or holding the genital area- respond quickly. Once the child successfully uses the toilet, there should be some type of praise. Some people use stickers on a chart and others give special treats such as candy or an extra bedtime story (Infant and toddler health, 1998-2011). With using these techniques as well as cutting off all liquids that the child receives at eight o’ clock every day, this writer has found that the child has not had a day time potty accident in t hree days. Consistent monitoring of children while actively trying to potty train is the most important thing to do if successful results are desired. While potty training is no small feat, each parent who tackles this task knows that not every parent is the same and not all methods work for every child. This is something that will be learned on a case-by-case base. While the two experiments conducted are drastically different, they are both similar in the way that they both followed the Scientific Method. With a sound hypothesis and a thirst for knowledge, using the Scientific Method will always provide valid results backed by science. References Potty training: How to get the job done. (1998-2011). Infant and toddler health. Retrieved on March 24, 2011 from http://www. mayoclinic. com/health/potty-training/CC00060 Pruitt, N. L. , Underwood, L. S. (2006). Bioinquiry: Making connections in biology (3rd ed. ). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Stein Carter, J. (1996). The Scientific Method. Retrieved on March 24, 2011 from http://biology. clc. uc. edu/courses/bio104/sci_meth. htm How to cite The Scientific Method, Papers The Scientific Method Free Essays The process of the scientific method is one that involves questioning the reasoning behind the results. Each of the steps to question a planted aquarium was constructed under deep thought and personal experiences. The process of the scientific method can apply to any type of scientific study. We will write a custom essay sample on The Scientific Method or any similar topic only for you Order Now Included in this paper is the scientific method of a planted aquarium and a real life example of the explanation of how a plant responds to light. With the plant either responding to natural sun light or artificial light and observing which grows the healthiest. Aside from the biology retrospect, this can also apply to something that is used on a daily basis. Therefore, in carefully creating a study one should be able to obtain the results of their observations. These are the steps that were obtained from the class website: Observation: Have you ever noticed if you place a plant near a window, that after a while, the plant grows or leans toward the window? Question: Have you ever wondered why the plant grows toward the window? Hypothesis: What reasons or factors can you list that might cause a plant to lean or grow toward a window? For example I think plants respond to the light from which they absorb some needed nutrient. Prediction: If it is true that plants respond to the light from which they absorb some needed nutrient then grow three plants in the light and three plants in the dark then see a difference or change in the direction the plant is growing/leaning. Results: The leaves of the three plants in the light stayed green while the leaves of the three plants in the dark turned pale yellow. To test this experiment I would first try to figure out if the plant responds to the light or dark. I would try to keep it away from the window first to see the reaction of the plant. Then I would try to put the plant back in the light and test to see if the plant absorbs any nutrients while in the light. Recording a hypothesis after each experiment would be beneficial to my experiments so I can be sure of what is working best and try a different method if possible. I would probably state that my hypothesis of the plant leaning towards the light is what I would use as my prediction. Any type of plant would lean towards natural light because they are able to absorb nutrients that help them thrive. Substrate for planted aquariums can also be used as a supplement for the plant, but plants need light in order to maintain their color. I would record and keep my data for weeks in order to obtain proper results. Measuring the temperature of the planted aquarium is also beneficial as most freshwater plants are tropical and strictly need a warmer aquarium to continue growing. Using growth formulas and charts can help me create a better spreadsheet as an overall view of the successes of growing plants. In reviewing the results, I would be able to obtain some final results about my observations. I would conclude that observations were correct when I predicted that the plants would respond to the light. I would then also test plants in different temperatures of water while taking some out of the natural light and leaving them in substrate in artificial light. I think that my theories would prove correct if I were to leave the plants in natural sunlight and prove that they need the glucose nutrient to thrive. A real life example was when I worked at a pet store. Tropical freshwater plants were meant to have at least 12 hours of powerful artificial light in order for the plants to survive. Light in some aquariums is recommended that it should not be too powerful as it may attract algae. Aside from the light, they were given plant substrate and some plants were not fully submersed into the water while others were. One day when the light above the plant tank that was holding all the plants went out, it was out for two days. The plants slowly started losing their leaves and the plants were yellowing because they had no nutrients from the light. When we placed the plants into the fish tanks, the plants slowly started to grow their leaves again and regained their color. In conclusion, no matter how you use the scientific method there will always be thoughts and ideas that come together in turn giving the person their results. Keeping record of gathered ideas to concocting a hypothesis and then later proving your results will come in handy and prove that a certain method works. One should carefully plan out what their plan is for a study so they can successfully prove their results. References http://www.sciencebuddies.org/mentoring/project_scientific_method.shtml How to cite The Scientific Method, Essay examples The Scientific Method Free Essays The scientific method is a hypothesis-driven process of inquiry. The goal is to ask and answer scientific questions by making observations and doing experiments. This week we were asked to complete the scientific method activity on the student website. We will write a custom essay sample on The Scientific Method or any similar topic only for you Order Now I participated in both experiments, but I found the car experiment to be a bit more of a challenge. I had to apply the steps of the scientific method several times before I finally arrived at a resolution. The Car Experiment. The car experiment began with an observation; something is wrong with the vehicle because it will not start. In an effort to explain my observation I ask the question; â€Å"Why won’t the vehicle start? † There could be a number of reasons why the vehicle will not start, so the next step is to hypothesize the solution and outcome. The website provided us with the following 3 hypotheses: 1. The car needs fluids. 2. The car battery is not working. 3. There are electrical problems. The next step is to make a prediction. I predicted that the vehicle must have an issue with the battery. I chose this hypothesis first, because it is not uncommon for someone to leave a dome light on and accidently drain their battery. While it is not uncommon to run out of fuel, I did not select this answer because in this day and age most vehicle owners keep an eye on their fuel levels to ensure that they have an adequate amount for the next day. The conclusion details the findings of your prediction. In this case the vehicle’s battery was fine. The results tie back into my hypothesis. The result was refuted, and I must now begin the process from the top to find the correct scientific method to remedy the problem. I had to repeat the scientific method 3 times until I found the solution to my problem. The vehicle had faulty electrical issues, and once the fuses were replaced it started right up. A real-life problem that I could use the scientific method to solve is a problem I have been having recently with my new vacuum. It is less than 3 months old and it has been acting strangely. I can use it one day for an hour without any problems, and two days later I can turn it on but it will only work for 3 or 4 minutes before shutting off. The steps that I would take to solve the problem are: 1. Make an Observation 2. Question: â€Å"Why is my vacuum not working properly? † 3. Thesis: Develop a hypothesis about why the vacuum may be acting strangely. It has electrical problems. It is clogged. It is faulty and I should contact the manufacturer. 4. Prediction 5. Conclusion 6. Results How to cite The Scientific Method, Papers The Scientific Method Free Essays The Scientific Method Hands-On Labs, Inc. Version 42-0130-00-01 Lab Report Assistant This document is not meant to be a substitute for a formal laboratory report. The Lab Report Assistant is simply a summary of the experiment’s questions, diagrams if needed, and data tables that should be addressed in a formal lab report. We will write a custom essay sample on The Scientific Method or any similar topic only for you Order Now The intent is to facilitate students’ writing of lab reports by providing this information in an editable file which can be sent to an instructor. Observations Data Table 1: Scientific Method Data Unknown Sample Number #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 Hypothesis:Coffee Potting soilBrown sugarBaby powderFlowerBaking powder Color:Dark brown Old copper(sepia, maroon)Light BrownWhiteWhiteWhite Texture:It’s coarse fragile particleVery coarse and grittyThe particle is sticky and a bit grittyVery Soft particle silkyVery softVery soft Shape:In general, it’s coarse-grainedNot regularCoarse-grainedVery fine. It’s difficult to look in detailCoarse-grainedCoarse-grained Smell:It’s totally coffeeNo smell or a faint scant Sweet tasteVery nice. It’s just delicate baby smellNo smellNo smell Soluble:SolubleInsolubleSolubleSolubleSolubleSoluble Density:The dense is less than baby powder(0. 182 g/cm3)Little dense/it’s similar as #6(0. g/cm3)Low dense (0. 467 g/cm3)High dense (0. 867 g/cm3)It’s similar as #6 (0. 454 g/cm3)It’s similar as #5 (0. 5 g/cm3) Conclusion:CoffeePotting soilBrown sugarBaby powderFlowerBaking powder Data Table 2: Calculating Density of Unknown Samples U nk no wn S a m p l e Number Mass of full vial bag (g) Mass of empty vial bag (g) Mass of unknown sample (g) Volume (cm3) Density (g/cm3) #12. 0g1. 8g0. 2g1. 1 cm30. 182 #22. 5g1. 8g0. 7g1. 4 cm30. 5 #32. 5g1. 8g0. 7g1. 5 cm30. 467 #43. 0g1. 8g1. 2g1. 5 cm30. 867 #52. 3g1. 8g0. 5g1. 1 cm3 cm30. 454 #62. 5g1. 8g0. 7g1. 4 cm30. 5 How to cite The Scientific Method, Papers The Scientific Method Free Essays Dianna Baldwin SCI 230 The Scientific Method The first step in the scientific method is to observe. When you are observing you are discovering what is going on around you. The second step in the scientific method is question. We will write a custom essay sample on The Scientific Method or any similar topic only for you Order Now To question one must make an attempt to explain the observation that was made. The next step in the scientific method is making a hypothesis. A hypothesis is made to predict a solution and an outcome. The fourth step in the scientific method is making a prediction. When making a prediction you are indicating the outcome. Next is the conclusion. The conclusion details the findings of the testing. This then leads to the final step which is the results. The results are whether your findings based on the hypothesis are supported or refuted. In the activity I applied the steps of the scientific method by observing what was said in the captions and what was happening in the picture. I then had to question what was going on with my observation. I then made a hypothesis and tested the hypothesis and made a prediction. Then based on the outcome of the testing I found the conclusion and gathered the results. A real – life situation that I have used the scientific method would be when I flipped the light switch the light did not come on. I observed the light did not come on when I turned it on. I then questioned what may be the problem. Is it a burnt out bulb or something more complex. I then made a hypothesis on what I thought the problem was. My best guess was the light bulb was burnt out. I predicted that if I change the light bulb and put in a new one it would work just fine. I changed the light bulb and it was indeed burnt out. My hypothesis was supported. How to cite The Scientific Method, Papers

Case Study Of HIH Insurance Limited Click Now To Get Solution

Question: Discuss about the Case Study of HIH Insurance Limited. Answer: Introduction: The main theme of the case study on HIH Insurance limited mainly helps in the evaluation of the different types of misstatements and fraud conducted by the directors. The report further shows the effective application of the different types of the risk assessment of insurance company. The study also shows the effective details about the details of the risk inherited which contributed to the downfall of the company. In addition to this the study shows the various types of the crucial information related to the legal liabilities which may be applied to the given case for the purpose of investigating the unethical means adopted by the directors of the HIH Insurance. The final part of the report suggests the various types of the ethical considerations which needs to be considered before increasing in risk exposure. Business Risk Assessments along with Inherent risk Assessment of the business risk of HIH insurance Limited: The primary risk is associated with the overall operations of the HIH Insurance in the insolvency and the risk, associated to the organizational, structure. In general, the insurance companies are known for using lower profile for the risk assessment. In which the return is high and the risk of negative earnings is low. The overall assessment of the insurance business HIH is depicted below as follows: Risk of Insolvency The different types of the risk associated with the insolvency are mainly based on the risk associated to auditing by the designated auditor of the company. Moreover, as per the financial statement of the company, the main information in the financial data clearly suggest a reduction in the overall debt of the company. The several manipulations of the balance sheet shows the reduction in the debt ratio and showing a wrong valuation of the company. The financial statement further states the issues pertaining in the accounting practices and ability of drawing more investors (Arens et al. 2015). Structural Risk: The HIH insurance service provider has shown changes in the risk strategy by the inclusion of the risk areas related to film financing insurance, marine aviation and different types of the natural disasters. Moreover, the different types of the risky endeavours of the insurance company have shown exclusion in terms of paradigms which are not yet which are not yet aimed by HIH. The higher risk structure has resulted towards financial downturn as can be observed in case of investment in marine aviation that resulted in a negative return $ 60 million. It has been further observed that the insurance company did not adhere to the regulations laid down by the APRA (Bell and Griffin 2012). Listing of the inherent risk, which affect in the reporting of the HIH and evaluation of the risk level: As per the given case the various types of inherent factors related to the risk mostly comprised of the fraud and misstatement reported in the financial statement. It has been further seen that the different types of risk factors affect the authenticity of the report, which could have been used by the investors for evaluating the solvency status of an organization. With the help of auditors, companies are able to the liabilities in the financial statement which can further portray solvency. It should be further noted that the inherent risk of the insurance company should have been in compliance other companies however the auditors did not report the involvement of the company in any other sector of insurance which would have increased the overall risk factors (DeFond and Zhang 2014). It should be further noted that risk factors related to control and detection lost the fiction that it used to have in the high-risk insurance areas. The control risk was useful in evaluating the inaccuracy in the financial statement. However the inclusion of the risky ventures reduced the efficiency of the inherent risk policies adopted by the auditors. The investigation of the risk was further seen decrease the implementation of green sharing policies used by HIH for providing higher risk schemes for insurance. In several cases it has been noticed that auditors use unethical measures is their personal income and access the companies in inflating their balance sheet (Eilifsen et al. 2013). Legal Liability Determination of relevant court cases that Andersens should refer in order to assess the likelihood of partnership In the given case, the HIH scandal is relevant to various court cases which might be referred in order to analyze the likelihood of partnership of both clients and creditors. As per the given case, the court banned the directors for tenure of 10 years charges of fraud and arch to pay compensation amounting to $7m. Without the declaration of insolvency, it is a complex procedure to detect the fraud conducted by the company through their annual report (Hayes, Wallage and Gortemaker 2014). Perspective of the client The client of the HIH insurance, especially Mr. Brad Cooper was seen to be involved in unethical practices related to bribing the agent of the insurance company and insuring the high-risk assets. Moreover, it was all observed that HIH members litigating the case received more than $ 100,000 by direct or indirect means for allowing payment of $737,000. Hence these illegal activities conducted by HIH were brought forward in the court which assisted in proving the guilt. Several incidences it was also seen that the company received unlawful sum of money as gifts to allow unjustified insurance claims of clients (Backof 2015). From the perspective of creditor It was all observed that an officer of FAI General Insurance Company limited named Mr. Stephen Burroughs was held for trial as he was unable to show honesty in depicting the unethical practices taken by the HIH Company. As per the given case study Terry Cassidy, Daniel Wilkie and Timothy Maxwell Mainprize where due to dishonesty and giving irregular statement of the financial data of the company (Koretz 2014). Determination of the factors which may exist to uphold the negligence action Reduced informational independence The limited information determined by HIH insurance to its auditors and several other regulatory bodies can be held as an action of negligence against the company. Additionally, due to the limited information, the auditors were unable to comply with the changes of inherent risk factors of the company, this in turn increased the overall insolvency risk. In several cases it has been observed that the fear of termination of auditing license company the companys to use ethical principles in disclosing the financial statements (Brochet and Srinivasan 2014). Corrupted governance practice of HIH The corruption in the corporate governance observed in HIH insurance was mainly due to the overall degradation of the company. In addition to this, the several changes in the exposure of flesh and introduction of high risk insurance the clients then not properly communicated to the respective authority for the management and the high risk projects taken up by the company (Faria et al. 2013). Determination of the factors which led to the appointment of prior members in the external auditing team of HIH Several type of changing business perspective of the company needed the external auditors to support the same. In addition to this the inclusion of external auditors with the previous members of the company was considered to be helpful in keeping its confidential information. The external auditors were further observed to increase the wealth recommendation two different types of unethical means which led to nondisclosure of essential financial position of the company. With respect to this context the adequate formation required by the external auditors they are observed to be helpful for the purpose of authentication of the overall report of the auditors and reduction in the management relations conducted by the company. Several other reasons for appointment of the prior members as auditors are identified as: Implementation of the previous members as external auditors, which may assist the company in reduction in misstatements through checking of the financial reports It was further observed that the external auditors may be able to understand the operations and the requirements of the various types of strategies with respect to the experience in the organization. It was further noticed that the involvement and the approval of the previous directors assisted the investors maintaining trust of the company. The various types of non inclusion of external auditors was considered to be helpful to HIH in pursuing unethical practices which could help in retaining more profit for the members (Hay, Knechel and Willekens 2014) Evaluation of the pros, which may be provided by the firm in evaluating both auditing and consulting services: The overall audit process and consulting services primarily helps in improving the overall operations of the company. Moreover, it was found the collaboration of the services might have helped the company in identification of issues and loopholes. This stated to improve the overall operational capabilities of the company. Some of the advantages of using a form for auditing and consulting areas are observed as follows: The advantages are seen in assisting the companies in identification of errors in the overall audit process which may reduce the authenticity of the financial statement. Suggesting measures which can be implemented by an organization to keep in control the overall expenditure It can be further helpful in confining the internal secrets of the company and safeguarding it from the competitors The auditing in the consultancy firm I mainly found to be helpful for the identification of errors and misstatements in the annual report of the company, which can in turn hamper the authenticity of financial report. It is a further stated that the consultation phone is found to be helpful for the companies to reduce their taxes by providing of solutions for increasing the retained earnings (Helin and Babri 2015). Rationale for violation of ethical standard by a company For the purpose of effective evaluation of HIH insurance company, it needs to be understood that there were several types of ethical violations made by the directors, members of the company and the external auditors. Moreover, the main culprit identified for taking advantage of this circumstance was identified to be Arthur Anderson. It was identified that more than $1.7 m and $1.6 m was observed to be paid for the purpose of auditing and consultation fees. It was further argued that the different types of ethical violation only took place when the company was unable to manage the internal control leading to higher liquidity accumulation. It can be further observed that the external auditors, which did not comply with the AA the auditing rules, declined in its status. It was further noted that the auditors did not fulfil their duties as per the rules laid down by Australian Accounting Standards Board (Mellichamp 2013). The various types of circumstances applied by the HIH insurance to examine the external audit and make changes in the regulations prescribed by the potential marching clearly stated that the extent not violations were carried out by its auditors and directors. The above-mentioned ethical violations were conducted for the increasing the overall personal income. Recommendations that are provided by Ramsay report and CLERP 9 As per the CLERP 9 and the Ramsay report, the assistance was identified mainly in the identification of the policies that led to the usage in the ethical financial reporting and corporate governance. Some of the recommendations given in the report include: Increment in the overall waiting time of the top management of retired personal redesign external audit team from a time span of two years to four years The implementation of the auditing services for senior personnel and auditors report of the company Increment in the rotation policy of members especially of the external auditors from two years to five years (Michelacci and Schivardi 2013) Conclusion The overall assignment clearly states in identifying different types of unethical measures conducted by the insurance company. The study further helps in the identification of insolvency and organizational structure related to risk structuring were identified as the major threat to the company. It was further identified that the inherent risk mainly reduces the fairness of audit report maintained by the company. This further depicts the legal liabilities, which might be relevant to Mr. Andersen for portraying the unethical measures in the audit report. Reference List Arens, A.A., Elder, R.J., Beasley, M.S. and Jones, J., 2015. Auditing: The Art and Science of Assurance Engagements. Pearson Canada. Backof, A.G., 2015. The impact of audit evidence documentation on jurors' negligence verdicts and damage awards. The Accounting Review, 90(6), pp.2177-2204. Bell, T.B. and Griffin, J.B., 2012. Commentary on auditing high-uncertainty fair value estimates. Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory, 31(1), pp.147-155. Brochet, F. and Srinivasan, S., 2014. Accountability of independent directors: Evidence from firms subject to securities litigation. Journal of Financial Economics, 111(2), pp.430-449. DeFond, M. and Zhang, J., 2014. A review of archival auditing research. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 58(2), pp.275-326. Eilifsen, A., Messier, W.F., Glover, S.M. and Prawitt, D.F., 2013. Auditing and assurance services. McGraw-Hill. Faria, S.R., Alford, A., Garcia, S.C. and Fulkerson, W.J., 2013. An integrated assessment of business risk for pasture-based dairy farm systems intensification. Agricultural Systems, 115, pp.10-20. Hay, D., Knechel, W.R. and Willekens, M., 2014. The Routledge Companion to Auditing. Routledge. Hayes, R., Wallage, P. and Gortemaker, H., 2014. Principles of auditing: an introduction to international standards on auditing. Pearson Higher Ed. Helin, S. and Babri, M., 2015. Travelling with a code of ethics: a contextual study of a Swedish MNC auditing a Chinese supplier. 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