Globalization And The Impacts Of E Commerce

Globalization And The Impacts Of E Commerce One of the most vital processes of the last several decades has been the emergence and development of the process of globalisation. According to the definition given by Andrew Heywood globalization is the emergence of a complex web of interconnectedness that means our lives are increasingly shaped by the events that occur, and the decisions that are made, at a greater distance from us. The central feature of globalization is therefor the geographical distance is of a declining relevance and the territorial boundaries, such as those between nation states are becoming less significant  [1]  . One of the significant characteristic of globalisation is the Time- space compression. Through the advances in technology, it is easier to communicate and travel internationally and also that the speed at which these things are accomplished has greatly increased  [2]  . This aspect of globalisation has a wider impact on the global commerce were the advances in technology have led to an integration and interconnectedness of the global economy. The pace at which transactions can take place has led to an increased global focus on the integration of economies and has led to the increased involvement of private business actors in the realm of international finance and international markets. Modern technologies have moreover facilitated a scale and speed of communication that is unprecedented  [3]  . The UNDP human development report  [4]  explains that the fusion of computing and communications especially through the internet has broken the bounds of cost, time and distance la unching an era of global information networking. The Internet, digital technologies and the evolution of E-commerce (Electronic Commerce) raised new challenges for the Intellectual property right holders in the digital world. Materials protected by copyright and related rights constitute much of the valuable subject matter of ecommerce. This situation has a wide-ranging impact on the right of copyright holders because they permit new ways of creating, using, and duplicating works of authorship. In the digital world copies can be made cheaply and distributed widely by individuals. The copyright laws that were set to compact with the problems in the physical world had to deal with the issues in the digital world. To achieve the same the copyright laws has to undergo drastic changes. In this context this paper attempts to analyse the evolution of Ecommerce in the background of globalisation and its implications on the Copyright laws. The paper will also focus on the various measures adopted by the national governments to prevent the i nfringement of copyright in the digital world. The paper excludes the disputes related to domain names, Patents and Trademarks. EVOLUTION OF E COMMERCE In the 1990s the information technology led to a new revolution through the commercialization of internet. The limitations of networked systems like the cost structure and that related to geographical limits became irrelevant. Old traditions about the cost structure and geographic limits of networked systems turn out to be irrelevant and it became easy to form a worldwide system quickly and inexpensively. Business people seized this opportunity and responded by creating entirely new types of businesses and fundamentally altering existing businesses. The once limited strategic use of information technology became widespread. Thus new terms were created to label this revolution: electronic commerce (more commonly called ecommerce) and electronic business (eBusiness)  [5]  . In the present scenario we can see the business world is transitioning from a physical reality based on atoms to a digital one of bits  [6]  .The term commerce is viewed by some as transactions conducted between business partners. Therefore, the term eCommerce seems to be fairly narrow to some people. Thus the term eBusiness refers to a broader definition of eCommerce, not just buying and selling but also servicing customers and collaborating with business partners, and conducting electronic transactions within an organization. Business-to-business eCommerce is the largest gold rush international commerce has seen for decades. It may be the largest ever Bridging the profound gap between the way traditional businesses are run and the way virtual communities will be built.  [7]   The rapid growth of the Internet and associated technologies have created a new business environment and opened up numerous new possibilities for conducting and managing businesses. Terms such as digital economy, eBusiness, and eCommerce are being used to characterize these developments.  [8]  Businesses have become internet worked eBusiness enterprises. The Internet and Internet-like networks inside the enterprise (intranets), between an enterprise and its trading partners (extranets), and other types of networks are now the primary information technology infrastructure of many organizations. The Internet is a network of networks. The internet worked eBusiness enterprise enables managers, business professionals, teams, and workgroups to electronically exchange data and information anywhere in the world with other end users, customers, suppliers, and business partners. Companies and workgroups can thus collaborate more creatively, manage their business operations and resources mo re effectively, and compete successfully in todays fast-changing global economy  [9]  . PRINCIPLES of E COMMERCE Organization of Economic Corporation and Development (OECD) deals with five broad themes for a better understanding of eCommerce.  [10]   1. Ecommerce transforms the marketplace: ecommerce is changing the way business is conducted. Traditional intermediary functions will be replaced, new products and markets will be developed, and new and far closer relationships will be created between business and consumers. It will change the organization of work: new channels of knowledge diffusion and human interactivity in the workplace will be opened with more flexibility and adaptability will be needed, and workers functions and skills will be redefined. 2. Ecommerce has a catalytic effect: Ecommerce will serve to accelerate and diffuse more widely changes that are already under way in the economy, such as the reform of regulations, the establishment of electronic links between businesses (EDI), the globalization of economic activity, and the demand for higher-skilled workers. Likewise, many sectorial trends already underway, such as e-banking, direct booking of travel, and one-to-one marketing, are accelerated by ecommerce. 3. ECommerce over the Internet vastly increases interactivity in the economy: These linkages now extend down to small businesses and households and reach out to the world at large. Access will shift away from personal computers to cheap and easy-to-use TVs and telephones to devices yet to be invented. People will increasingly have the ability to communicate and transact business anywhere, anytime. This will have a profound impact, not the least of which will be the erosion of economic and geographic boundaries. 4. Openness is an underlying technical and philosophical tenet of the expansion of ecommerce: The widespread adoption of the Internet as a platform for business is due to its non-proprietary standards and open nature as well as to the huge industry that has evolved to support it. The economic power that stems from joining a large network will help to ensure that new standards remain open. More importantly, openness has emerged as a strategy, with many of the most successful eCommerce ventures granting business partner and consumers unparallel access to their inner workings, abases, and personnel. This has led to a shift in the role of consumers, who are increasingly implicated as partners in product design and creation. An expectation of openness is building on the part of consumers/citizens, which will cause transformations, for better (e.g. increased transparency, competition) or for worse (e.g. potential invasion of privacy) in the economy and society. 5. Ecommerce alters the relative importance of time: Many of the routines that help define the look and feel of the economy and society are a function of time: mass production is the fastest way of producing at the lowest cost; ones community tends to be geographically determined because time is a determinant of proximity. Ecommerce is reducing the importance of time by speeding up production cycles, allowing firms to operate in close coordination and enabling consumers to conduct transactions around the clock. As the role of time changes, so will the structure of business and social activities, causing potentially large impacts. In a nutshell the benefits of Ecommerce are, they offer personalization, high quality customer service and improved supply-chain management. This features of ecommerce has led to a wide scope of Intellectual Property transactions, especially the copyright works in the digital world and thus raise the challenges of protection of the same in the digital world. IMPACT of ECOMMERCE on COPYRIGHT Copyright is a legal term describing rights given to creators for their literary and artistic works. The kinds of works covered by copyright include literary works such as novels, poems, plays, reference works, newspapers, and computer programs; databases; films, musical compositions, and choreography; artistic works such as paintings, drawings, photographs and sculpture; architecture; and advertisements, maps, and technical drawings  [11]  . Copyright motivates the creative activity of authors and thereby provides the public with the products of those creators. By granting authors exclusive rights, the public receives the benefit of literature and music and other creative works that might not otherwise be created or disseminated. Effective copyright protection promotes a new Cyber-marketplace of ideas, expression, and products  [12]  . The internet has paved the way for new ways of creating, using and duplicating copyrighted works. Internet and other digital technologies raise new issues for copyright law because they permit new ways of creating, using, and duplicating works of authorship. Copies are made cheap and the distributions of the same are done at a greater pace in the digital world. This creates the major challenge in the present scenario for copyright holders. In this context it is worth to discuss the implications of globalisation of information and its impact on intellectual property laws. The growth of digital information in the background of globalisation has a wider impact on the domestic and international intellectual property regimes. This has led to the standardization of Intellectual Property laws and demand for greater protection. The literature of recent years advocates that these effects on Intellectual Property have positive impact on the intellectual property producing nations and transnational corporations. Another argument put forth in this context is that the sovereignty of the state is compromised to strong and powerful private entities .It is possible that the prevalence of such writings in the literature is a response to the movement toward harmonization and stronger intellectual property protections and an attempt to ensure that some of the less heard voices are expressed.  [13]  Globalization of intellectual prope rty laws is leading to an erosion of state sovereignty or, at least, profound transformations in our notions of sovereignty  [14]   The Internet poses a threat to copyright laws, especially in the areas of illegal music copying and distribution. The Internet is made up of millions of sites with millions of users potentially viewing those sites daily. It is very easy for users to download information from other peoples sites and in many cases this activity is not easily monitored. A user with a personal web page may also upload files to the server where the page is located and then allow other users to copy that file, regardless of the fact that it may be copyrighted.  [15]   The international character of E commerce raises questions about the nature of traditional legal systems in general, and intellectual property law in particular. They are based on notions of sovereignty and territoriality. The Internet, in contrast, like the movement of weather within the global climate, largely ignores distinctions based on territorial borders. Instead, infrastructure, code and language have thus far had a greater bearing on the reach of its currents  [16]  . For example, the most fundamental issue raised for the fields of copyright is the determination of the scope of protection in the digital environment involving how rights are defined, and what exceptions and limitations are permitted. Other important issues include how rights are enforced and administered in this environment; who in the chain of dissemination of infringing material can be held legally responsible for the infringement; and questions of jurisdiction and applicable law. The Internet is multi-jurisdictional. Users can access the Internet from almost any place on earth. The unique feature of digitized information is that they travel through various countries and jurisdictions before reaching its final destination. The major legal issue arise in this context is the problem of jurisdiction to adjudicate a dispute at a particular location. Secondly there arises the question of law that can be made available to the disputes and finally the recognition and enforcement of judgements in courts in foreign jurisdictions. The economic pressures and the growing international significance of copyright have led to new laws. These new laws are overwhelmingly in furtherance of expanding protection, easier protection, and longer protection.  [17]   There is no standard international copyright law, but an international system exists were a set of norms based on national laws. There exist two different traditions with regard to copyrighted works such as common law and the civil law. Public benefit is the principal focus of copyright systems for which the countries the countries that followed common law tradition. In the civil law tradition copyright works are treated as an authors natural human rights, or part of ones right of personality. Thus, under this system, the protection of an authors moral rights is as essential as the corresponding protection of his/her economic rights. The concept of copyright itself witnessed a drastic change along with the development of technology. In the age of printing press copyright was a restriction on the publishers and authors rather than on the readers. Now in the present context the age of the printing press is coming to an end and the age of the computer networks has taken the way. The computer networks and the transactions in the digital world are now taking us back to a scenario that existed at the age of printing press were anybody who can read can also make a copy of his own. This has directed to a different situation were the there is a drastic change in the working of the copyright laws; Copyright law is now no longer an industrial regulation rather it is a draconian restriction on the general public. Earlier the copyright laws were used to restrict the publishers and to protect the authors now in the present scenario copyright laws are used to restrict the public for the sake of publishers. In the present scenario the publishers are vigilant in protecting their copyright and they wish to increase copyright powers to the maximum extent point where they have complete control over the information. The publishers in fact started compelling the national governments for more copyright powers. These situations led to creation of stringent laws were more powers were given to the publishers and freedoms of the public are being taken away to a large extent. The Passing of Digital Millennium Copyright Act by the US can be cited in this context. Similar laws were passed in Australia and European countries as well. In order to prevent the infringement of copyright in the digital world various methods have been adopted. Firstly harsh punishments are inflicted on copyright violators. The word pirate was earlier used to refer the publishers who failed to pay the authors, but in the present scenario it is used to refer the public who escapes from the control of the publisher. In the globalised era of information it is observed that the publishers are compelling the governments to amend the copyright laws to give themselves more power. The publishers are purchasing the laws to empower themselves. Secondly the publishers are also trying to extend the duration of copyright. So the publishers are purchasing laws to give themselves more power. In addition, theyre also extending the duration of the copyright. This can be assumed from the speech delivered by Richard Stallman were he points out The U.S. Constitution says that copyright must last for a limited time, but the publishers want copyright to last forever. However, getting a constitutional amendment would be rather difficult, so they found an easier way that achieves the same result. Every 20 years they retroactively extend copyright by 20 years. So the result is, at any given time, copyright nominally lasts for a certain period and any given copyright will nominally expire someday. But that expiration will never be reached because every copyright will be extended by 20 years every 20 years; thus no work will ever go into the public domain again. This has been called perpetual copyright on the instalment plan.  [18]   The law which was passed in US in the year 1998 that extended the copyright protection for twenty more years was called the Mickey Mouse Copyright Extension Act. One of the main champions of this law was Disney. The copyright of Disney was about to fall in the public domain by the year 2003 and to extend the duration of their copyright they compelled the US government to amend the copyright law. Similar instances can be pointed out from various national copyright legislations across the world. CONCLUSION In the current environment it is seen that globalisation is carried out by a number of policies that are done in the name of economic efficiency or free trade treaties. These treaties are drafted in such a way to empower the Business corporates over laws and policies. Theyre not really about free trade. These treaties transfer power to business corporates and the national governments find themselves in a situation were they cant protect the interest of their own citizens. In the present scenario it is the foreign companies having more power than citizens of the country. The copyright treaties that were designed in the in the 90s begin to impose copyright throughout the world in more powerful and restrictive way. The distinctive features of these treaties were they are controlled by corporate giants. It is an accepted reality that strong Copyright protection hinders the development of a country. When the US was a developing country, The US failed to recognize foreign copyrights because they were well aware of the fact that it can be an obstacle in their development, but in the present scenario the developing countries are compelled to amend their copyright laws for empowering the publishers of developed nations and to protect their copyright in the digital world. The US threatens the developing nations to go against their own interest. In the present scenario it is seen that the existing legal regime for protecting the copyright in the era of digitisation doesnt serve the interest of the public. Developing countries like India are also vigilant in protecting the copyright especially in the felid of softwares. In the recent years, the Indian court shows growing concern and willingness to enforce intellectual property rights. In the 21st century, intellectual property plays an ever more important role on the international stage. The evolution of ecommerce in the context of globalisation had a widespread impact on the Intellectual Property copyrights. There are further digital copyright issues yet to be successfully addressed in the world of ecommerce.

Pest Tesco Pakistan

Marketing Planning in a Global Environment Group Assignment No: 1 Topic: What is the purpose of a Political, Economic, Social and Technical (PEST) environmental analysis for companies in relation to their global (marketing) strategy? Present a PEST analysis for ONE of the following four companies: the computer chip manufacturer Intel the train operator Scotrail the food etc. retailer Tesco the book shop retailer John Smiths {draw:frame} Group Members: Bushra Yaseen Naureen Ruftaj Mahmood Ali Suhaib Hussain Baluch Submitted to: Sushil Mohan Dated: 26/February/2010 {pcut:paragraph_to_cut} Introduction: The assignment aims to apply the PEST analysis for TESCO (a British international grocery and general merchandising retail chain) if they were to launch the stores in Pakistan. The assignment takes into consideration all the factors (Political, Economical, Social & Technological) which might affect Tesco when it starts operating in Pakistan. {draw:frame} {draw:custom-shape} {draw:frame} What is PEST? Why Pest is used? PEST is an abbreviation of political, economical, social and technological analysis which describes the macro environment factors used to conduct a strategic analysis or performing market research. Political Analysis includes political stability, legal framework for contract enforcement, intellectual property protection, trade regulations & tariffs, pricing regulations, taxation – tax rates and incentives, wage legislation – minimum wage and overtime, product labelling requirements, environmental regulations. Economical Analysis includes type of economic system in countries of operation, government intervention in the free market, exchange rates & stability of host country currency, efficiency of financial markets, infrastructure quality, skill level of workforce, labour costs, business cycle stage, economic growth rate, unemployment rate, inflation rate, interest rates. Social Analysis includes demographics, class structure, education, culture (gender roles, etc. ), entrepreneurial spirit, attitudes (health, environmental consciousness, etc. Technological Analysis includes recent technological developments, technology's impact on product offering, impact on cost structure, impact on value chain Structure, rate of Technological Diffusion, technological Knowhow. Advantages of PEST Analysis It facilitates an understanding of the wider business environment. It encourages the development of external thinking and strategic thinking. It can enable an organization to anticipate the future busine ss threats and take action to avoid or minimize their impact. It can enable the organization to spot the new business opportunities and make use of them fully. {draw:frame} Introduction of TESCO Tesco, the leading Britain retailer commenced its business in 1919 in East London by Jack Cohen. Tesco now has 4308 stores with approx 440,000 employees. It is basically a retail service provider but it has diversified itself in telecom sector, health sector, clothing sector, hosieries, dental plans, DVDs, Internet services, financial services, pharmacy, car insurance, music downloads and software. Tesco is providing the products and services as per changing consumers’ needs and demands therefore; Tesco wants to facilitate its customers as much as it can. Mission: ‘Creating value for customers, to earn their lifetime loyalty’. Vision and Values: Our core purpose is to create value for customers to earn their lifetime loyalty. We do this through our values and code of conduct, the way we choose to work at Tesco. Our values are summed up in two phrases – ‘no-one tries harder for customers’ and ‘treat people how we like to be treated’. Tesco’s stores are divided into the six following types: Tesco extra stores are larger in size (located away from main city centres) and have all Tesco’s product range. Tesco superstores are mainly having grocery items and a small range of non-food items. Tesco Metro stores are located in city centres and high streets. These stores are medium in size and offer limited range of items. Tesco Express stores are smaller in size to facilitate the customers on Esso petrol stations and small shopping places located in residential areas. One Stop stores are smallest in size and are part of Tesco Express. Tesco Homeplus stores offer all of Tesco's ranges except food in warehouse-style units in retail parks. *Marketing Objectives:* Increased Profitability Growth in Market share Emergence in new markets Customer advocacy Respected company/ brand awareness. Employees growth and motivation Emerging in new markets is the main focus of Tesco’s future planning. Initially the global expansion plan of Tesco was not successful but later on Tesco started the localization of its products and stores as per global markets. The global market strategy of Tesco is the growth in grocery items, non-food items, international expansion and other services offered by it. Tesco’s Global Presence (Appendix C) Political Factors The following are the Political factors regarding the Pakistani government which are likely to influence the operations of Tesco when they decide to launch its store chain in Pakistan. Political Instability: The political instability is the major factor of low foreign investment in the Pakistan. It creates uncertainty in the minds of investors. Because political uncertainty refers to the reaction by people to any change in the political scenario. The reaction can be in the form of protests or rallies in which the properties of government along with others have been destroyed in the past by the angry mob of people. This has resulted into the loss of millions and billions of Dollars to the companies. Tesco needs to keep in mind that in Pakistan if there is any instability politically, foreign companies get affected the most. It is very difficult for the government to provide foolproof security to their stores. Threat of change in Government: The rules and policies (Tax rates) given by the government also changes by the change of the authority or government. Bargaining Power on Taxing: Since the Government is encouraging the Foreign Investments and new entrants in the field of departmental stores (Cash & Carry) therefore, Tesco can use its power of being a huge foreign investor to have tax rates which are lesser than others. Keeping in mind the current situation of foreign investments (very low) the government might offer a lesser tax rate to Tesco. Fluctuation in Trade policy: There is very high frequency of changing trade policies in Pakistan. The fluctuation in trade policy results into an imbalance between exports and imports. Economic Factors Inflation Rate: The inflation rates gives an idea about the price increase over the past few years and it tells that at the moment in Pakistan it stands at 10. 3% approximately which is quite high. For a country that has such high inflation rates, it gets really difficult to operate at lower prices. Cost of Security: Tesco would have to spend a lot of money on the security because as Tesco is a foreign brand a lot of security threats would be faced by Tesco. Since the government is unable to provide foolproof so Tesco would have to engage a private company for its stores which would increase cost. Fluctuating Exchange Rates: Devaluation of money (Cost of Capital goes down) and increasing exchange rate discourages the investors to invest in Pakistan’s market. Cost on Energy: The country is also suffering from Energy crisis (Electricity) so this would give rise to a problem of Electricity in Stores. There is load shedding of electricity of minimum of 6-8 hours in urban areas. Therefore, an alternative source of generators would have to be used by Tesco for their stores. Which would result into an increase in cost of Tesco and since Tesco stores remain opened for 24 hours, therefore, their charges for electricity (which would be on generators) would be doubled Intense Competition: Tesco is likely to face a very intense competition from all areas. There are cash and carry stores already located in the major cities of Pakistan (one in each) like Makro and Hyper star. Apart from that there are a very huge number of retailers present in every town (almost in every other street). For consumers, switching costs might increase if they plan to purchase a product from Tesco. The switching cost can be higher in terms of time and the distance. Purchasing Power: Tesco might need to look into the purchasing power of consumers in Pakistan. The purchasing power would help Tesco to determine the size of the potential market (revenues). Socio-Cultural Environment Behaviour of Pakistani Consumers: First of all society and the culture of Pakistan and its markets are not as much adaptive to changes. So it would be difficult for Tesco to get sales. Convenience of Time & Distance: The habit of Pakistanis is to buy goods from the nearest market on the day to day basis in order to save time and cost of travelling to a megastore which might be located far away from them. The Power of ‘Credit Sales**’: Another problem which Tesco might face is that there is a trend in Pakistan of consumers that they buy groceries from local retailers on credit and pay them back after they get their salaries. Bulk Shopping: Most Pakistani consumers lack the concept of bulk shopping. It is not in their culture to shop in high quantities. Since the purchasing power of majority of people is not very high so they prefer to buy items day by day (as and when needed). Creating Demand for ready cooked Tesco’s food products: It has been observed that in UK and other European countries there is a huge demand of Tesco’s ready cooked meals. But if we look at the social behaviour (taste) of Pakistani consumers it still reflects the conventional ways of food consumptions (3 heavy meals / day). Consumers like to cook themselves at their homes. The existing culture as far as the consumption of food items is concerned might pose few problems for Tesco. *Culture for *24 hour* shopping*: Tesco might find it hard to attract consumers at night because it is not in the culture of Pakistani people to shop late at night. They shop during the day timings or evenings and prefer to stay home take rest at night so Tesco would certainly need to do something to change this habit of Pakistani Consumers. Technological Environment Online Shopping: Tesco would have to invest a lot of money if they decide to serve customers through online shopping. The reason being that it is very difficult (Costly) for them to set up an Information Technology infrastructure which would enable them to serve customers through internet. Payments through Debit Card: Another area in which they might need to focus on is payments through debit cards like they have this facility in their stores in other countries. Since megastores generate a lot of revenue through impulse buying as well so the consumers might not carry cash for such purchases. In order to avoid losing customers, Tesco would have to create an arrangement with the banks in a way that it enables the customers to use their debit card while making purchases at Tesco. Installation of Security Equipment: By considering the current security situation of the country, Tesco would be required to install latest expensive security equipments such as Closed Circuit Television (CCTV), scanners, metal detectors. Etc Solar Energy as source of Electricity: Since electricity is a problem in Pakistan, what Tesco can do is that they can install the solar energy lit appliances to utilize solar energy to generate electricity. Since the weather of Pakistan is mostly sunny, we believe Tesco can make use of this technology to benefit itself. Conclusions & Recommendations After carrying out the PEST analysis for Tesco on Pakistan we came up to few recommendations. It is advised that Tesco should launch its retail chain in Pakistan because Pakistan like other developing countries is a high potential market (in terms of revenues) for the investors. We have also observed that Carrefour has launched Hyperstar which is doing very well in terms of revenue generation and profits. Since it is not a good time as far as the political environment is concerned and foreign investors are not willing to invest in Pakistan so this might help Tesco to have tax rates lower than others or they might negotiate with the Government of Pakistan to raise a barrier for new retail store entrants for particular years so that Tesco establishes itself properly and achieves economies of scale (which would serve as a barrier to new entrants) Since Tesco is open 24 hours a day so they would need double resources (in terms of Technological & Human Capital) but it might not be a good option in Pakistan because mostly consumers in Pakistan do not prefer to shop late at night because issues like security and others. So we suggest Tesco to operate 12-16 hours per day. This way Tesco would be able save a huge amount of cost which would have been incurred by just operating 24 hours a day. We believe Tesco should launch its operations into Pakistani market in order to follow their growth strategy through international expansion. We are very sure that Tesco will be able to gain a decisive amount of market share in order to show its dominance in Pakistan. APPENDIX A {draw:frame} APPENDIX B Application of PEST Business planning , {text:list-item} Marketing planning, {text:list-item} Product development, {text:list-item} {text:list-item} Organizational change, {text:list-item} Research reports. {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} APPENDIX C {draw:frame} This table is taken from Tesco Preliminary Results 2008/09 Additional Information REFERENCES Websites: http://www. tescocorporate. om/plc/ir/pres_results/analyst_packs/ap2009/prelim09/prelim09. pdf http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/PEST_analysis http://www. mindtools. com/pages/article/newTMC_09. htm http://www. cbr. gov. pk/ *Author & Textbooks*: Kotler, P. , and Keller, K. L. (2006) Marketing Management, 12th ed, Prentice Hall, London. AGUILAR, F. J. (1967) Scanning the business environment. New York: Macmillan. Johnson, G. , Scholes, K. , and Whittington R. (2008) Exploring Corporate Strategy Text Cases, 8th ed, Prentice Hall, London. Narayanan, V. K, and Fahey, L. (2001) Macro environmental_ Analysis_: Understanding the Environment Outside the Industry, in The Portable MBA in Strategy, 2nd ed, John Wiley & Sons, New York.

Animal Rights And Vegan / Vegetarianism - 2681 Words

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Vegetarianism used to be an unusual lifestyle choice for people. However, today being a vegan is becoming more common and accepted by the mainstream society. The main reason I decided to pick the topic of vegetarianism is because I made the decision to become a vegan around my ninth grade year in high school. There are many reasons I decided, as well as, many other people decide to become a vegan. The reasons I found most important in becomingRead MoreVegetarianism, A Healthier Way of Life1410 Words   |  6 PagesVegetarianism; A Healthier Way Of Life In today’s society, one in which obesity is hugely prevalent and cancer incidents increase exponentially compared to the fewer numbers of past generations, we must open our eyes to the frightening truths about our unhealthy lifestyles. Our lifestyle choices not only cause damage to the human body but to the environment as well. One of the largest factors relating to the general decline of people’s health as well as contributing to the decline of the environment

A Fight Against Racism - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1619 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/03/26 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Black Lives Matter Essay Racism Essay Did you like this example? Racism has been a part of society since the beginning of time. People are not born with racist ideas or attitudes. Racism is something, an individual learns over time. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Fight Against Racism" essay for you Create order Racism does not usually cause any harm to the person being racist. It is usually the receiver who ends up being hurt the most. It affects the community and our society just as equally as it hurts the individual (Connie). To face racism and police brutality the black community, started a movement known as the Black Lives Matter movement back in 2013. This movement started off as a hashtag movement back in 2013 when Alicia Garza responded on her Facebook page to the clearing of George Zimmerman, the man who gunned down Trayvon Martin (Carter). Since then it has gained a lot of following through social media platforms such as Instagram, Facebook, and Twitter. If you were to log onto any of these platforms today and just type in #blacklivesmatter numerous results show up. This just shows how many people have partaken in this movement and how huge it has become over the past couple of years. With the help of social media, this movement has been able to get its word across to numerous individuals all around the globe. Even though this movement is empowering in many ways, there are individuals who tend to find the negative aspect of it. Some tend to believe that people who support this movement, do not mind other races getting affected. One of the major argument about this movement is that it only cares about black life when white people are the ones responsible for taking it, and ignoring it when African American people are responsible for certain events of violence in black communities (Smith). I do not agree with this because, the Black Lives Matter movement, is centered around all events affecting the black community, no matter what the race of the individual who conducted the crime is. Even though race plays a significant part in this movement, so does police brutality. As Stephen states in the Get up, Stand up: Social Media Helps Black Lives Matter Fight the Power, The movement wins when theres a broad understanding that we need a system that doesnt kill people, when a critical mass of citizens can envision what that looks like, and when concrete steps are taken to make it happen. Stephen makes a good point about how developing a system that doesnt kill people right at the spot of witnessing a crime being committed, but instead giving the individual an opportunity to state their side of the story, can be beneficial to our country as a whole. We would not lose any more innocent individuals to such brutality. Police brutality is usually known as using unnecessary force by police when dealing with civilians. There are many different forms of police brutality. The most common form of police brutality is a physical form. Police officers can use guns, tasers, pepper spray, and batons, in order to physically terrorize or even intentionally hurt civilians (Danilina). Infact, as Danilina mentioned, The history of police brutality dates all the way back to the Industrial Revolution in the 1870s when law enforcement would physically abuse and harm the workers that went on a strike (Danilina). Police brutality in the black community was the reason why the Black Lives Matter movement began in the first place. It began with the incident of Trayvon Martin was shot by his neighborhood watch captain George Zimmerman in Sanford, Florida. Martin was carrying iced tea and candy as he walked from a convenience store back to his fathers fiancee house when Zimmerman noticed him and believed him to be a suspicious person in his neighborhood. Zimmermans claim was that Martin hit him, and he took out his gun and shot it in self-defense. Later in 2013, Zimmerman was acquitted of a second-degree murder (Simon). A similar incident occurred in July of 2014 in Staten Island, New York when Eric Garner was put into a chokehold by a police officer and ended up dying as he could not breathe because he suffered from asthma. Garner was a father of six, who the police tried to arrest, in front of a store for allegedly selling cigarettes. The jury, later on, declined to indict the police officer who put Garner in a chokehold, causing protests and die-ins (Simon). This is seen as a sign of police brutality because the New York Police Department prohibits the use of chokeholds to be used, and still, the police officer insisted on utilizing it. Even though, it was his fault and absolutely against the law, the court and the jury declined to indict him. I believe that this incident can be seen as both racism and police brutality, because as stated in the article Garner raised both of his hands in the air and asked the officers not to shoot him, (Simon) showing that he was willing to cooperate. But instead of letting Garner talk and say his side of the story the police officers put him in a chokehold. If this incident occurred where a white man was selling cigarettes, the police officers would have happily cooperated with him and let him tell his side of the story. The Black Lives Matter movement has been one of the most controversial topics in recent years. Many African Americans experience verbal and physical abuse. The slogan All Lives Matter is explained to have equality across all races and religions, though this is not the case. In November 2015, President Donald Trump said the Blacks were responsible for more than 97% of murders of Blacks and 82% of murders of Whites. Both statistics are wrong, the latter monstrously so: African-Americans accounted for about 15% of murders of Whites, according to FBI data (Smith). Many White people are content to see when they are blaming the Blacks for deaths and calling to the end of the issue. During President Trumps campaign, if he was elected he would make stricter laws and even enforce death penalty if a police officer is killed. Even though a president does not have the authority to do such, his primary goal was to attune backlash towards the Blacks. This account changed the direction of the movement and obscures the critique of violence, inequality, and failings at all levels of the criminal justice system (Smith). In 2014 and 2016 there were three ambush murders in New York, Baton Rouge, and Dallas (Smith). These accidents were committed by a gunman that wanted to seek revenge against police force for the violence resisting to the Black communities (Smith). Nevertheless, the Black Lives Matter movement backlash has gone out of reach, and one of the examples is the former mayor of New York City, Rudy Giuliani. He said Black Lives Matter never protests when every 14 hours someone is killed in Chicago, probably 70-80% of the time by a Black person. Where are they then? Where are they when a young Black child is killed?. This argument is a popular one because the blacks are being blamed when the White were responsible for taking their lives (Smith). Like the slogan All Lives Matter, it is a way of changing the subject (Smith). For the Black Lives Matter Movement to make it to the point where there is a change in society there needs to be civil disobedience, legal challenges, and new laws. These things all contribute to change occurring in a society (Siscoe). The different chapters across the United States are staging protests that cause an interruption in peoples lives and bring attention to the movement in order to get more awareness in the society for the controversial problem (Siscoe). All this movement has to do is cause enough ruckus so it reaches the screens of thousands of individuals in various parts of the world. Once it does this, and individuals realize what has been happening is wrong they will come together and fight as a community to get new laws or even change the laws that preexist. As Siscoe mentions one of the analyses of the Black Lives Matter Movement is that it is troublesome and the protests cause a little discomfort in peoples lives. Though this is not the goal of the movement, in or der to get more attention to the public, the problem needs to be heard by creating tension in the society. The main goal of the Black Lives Matter Movement is to fight the colorblind racism and change mindset and system of the American citizens. The freedom that allows the Black communities to allow large social movements such as the Black Lives Matter movement to grow and bring change to the face of the society, and change the view for the better. As Siscoe mentions this movement works at many different levels, it understands how the general populations beliefs about crime and racism work against any sort of reform to lower the racial disparities that are widespread throughout every level of the criminal justice system. Now the hashtag #blacklivesmatter has brought more attention to the communities and especially the government of America. In recent years, you can see how many people have understood the movement and have partaken in it. Many people around the globe are now seeing the negative effects of the brutality that the Blacks are unfortunately going through. The Black Lives Matter Movement is a social movement seeing the different races and ethinicites and bringing awareness that everyone matters. This movement is a theory in a world where Black lives are intentionally targeted to make it seem as theyre the only ones responsible for any incident caused. And for this reason, I believe that Black Lives Matter movement is important and should be noticed worldwide.